The year-to-year spring variation in Arctic black carbon (BC) aerosol abundance is strongly correlated with biomass burning in the mid-latitudes. Moreover, current models underestimate the contribution of BC from biomass burning by a factor of three.
Background
Over the past few decades, the annual average temperature in the Arctic has increased almost twice as fast as it has elsewhere in the world. Although the main driver of this warming is the global increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, various climate forcers and feedback processes amplify Arctic warming. Black carbon (BC) aerosols in the Arctic have been attracting attention as a climate forcer that accelerates this warming.
BC emitted into the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning efficiently absorbs solar radiation and heats the atmosphere. Furthermore, BC deposited on snow and ice can reduce their reflectivity and accelerate their melting. Most of the Arctic BC is believed to be transported from regions outside the Arctic. However, estimates of the relative contribution by a variety of sources to Arctic BC, and thus of BC's climate impact, still have considerable uncertainties.
Research content
The research group measured vertical profiles of BC mass concentrations up to 5 km high in the Arctic in March-April 2018, during the Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic Regional Climate Model simulation Project (PAMARCMiP) led by the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) in Germany. The observations were carried out using the AWI research aircraft Polar 5, and Station Nord (81.6°N, 16.7°W) as the operation base. Observed BC mass concentrations were compared with those obtained in past spring Arctic aircraft experiments (ARCTAS in 2008, HIPPO in 2010, and NETCARE in 2015) with the aim of identifying factors responsible for the year-to-year variation in BC abundance.
Fig. 1. (Left) Vertical profile of black carbon (BC) mass concentrations (median and 25-75 percentile ranges) observed during aircraft-based observations made over the Arctic (>66.5°N) in spring of various years. (Right) Column amounts of BC mass concentration at altitudes between 0 and 5 km. Observations (blue circles) and numerical model simulations (average over the Arctic) for anthropogenic BC (black vertical bars) and biomass burning BC (yellow vertical bars) are shown. This simulation was made by the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-ESM2). MODIS-derived average fire counts are also shown (red vertical bars). The fire counts were calculated for the time period between 14 days before the first day of the aircraft observation and the last day of the observation. (Credit: Sho Ohata)
Black carbon mass concentrations in 2018 were between 7 and 23 nanograms per cubic metre (ng m-3), which were comparable to those in 2010 (Fig.1 (left)). On the other hand, systematically higher values were observed in 2008 and 2015 at all altitudes up to 5 km. Even though each aircraft measurement was made over a limited area and time duration, these results reveal a significant year-to-year variation in BC mass concentrations in the Arctic spring.
Results
The research group found that relative changes in the year-to-year variation of "vertically integrated BC mass concentrations" - that is, the amount of BC in columns between 0 and 5 km altitudes - was generally consistent with that in biomass burning activities estimated using MODIS satellite-derived fire counts detected at latitudes north of 50ºN (Fig. 1 (right)). Transport of air influenced by biomass burnings in regions between latitudes 45-60°N and longitudes 30-50°E and 100-130°E (western and eastern Eurasia, respectively) were likely responsible for the observed increase in BC levels during the Arctic spring.
During PAMARCMiP in 2018, a pollution layer, whose sources were likely to be biomass burnings in the mid-latitudes, was occasionally visible through the windows of the research aircraft (Fig. 2). It is likely that more frequent transport of pollution from biomass burning to the Arctic had occurred during the observation periods in 2008 and 2015.
Fig. 2. Photo taken from the research aircraft Polar 5 during PAMRCMiP in 2018. A polluted layer was observed. A schematic drawing of transport of BC from mid-latitudes to the Arctic is also shown.(Credit: Sho Ohata)
The research group also investigated the extent to which current numerical model simulations can reproduce the observed year-to-year variability in BC column amounts (Fig. 1 (right)). The numerical models can separately estimate contributions from anthropogenic BC sources and that from biomass burning. The numerical models reproduced the observations relatively well in 2010 and 2018, when biomass burning activity was low, whereas they showed much smaller values than the observations in 2008 and 2015, when biomass burning activity was high. These results suggest that current numerical models generally reproduce the contribution of anthropogenic BC well, while they significantly (by a factor of three) underestimate the contribution of BC from biomass burning.
Significance of the results
Atmospheric heating effects (positive radiative forcing) of BC in the Arctic are considered to be highest in spring when BC mass concentration is highest and incoming solar radiation is increasing. BC in spring is also important because slight changes in the timing of snow/ice melt can influence the radiation budget in the Arctic. The observations presented in this study provide useful bases to improve and evaluate numerical model simulations that assess the BC radiative effect in the Arctic. Furthermore, global warming has the potential to increase biomass burning in mid- and high-latitudes. This study suggests that these future changes in BC emissions could influence the amount of Arctic BC and its radiative impacts more than estimates provided in previous studies.
Article information:
The paper, "Arctic black carbon during PAMARCMiP 2018 and previous aircraft experiments in spring," was published online in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics on November 4, 2021, at DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-15861-2021.
Authors:
Sho Ohata Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
Makoto Koike Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
Atsuhi Yoshida National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Nobuhiro Moteki Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
Kouji Adachi Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
Naga Oshima Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
Hitoshi Matsui Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan.
Oliver Eppers Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
Heiko Bozem Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
Marco Zanatta Université Paris-Est-Créteil, France
Andreas B. Herber Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
Researcher contact information:
Sho Ohata
Assistant Professor, Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
E-mail: sho.ohata@isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Funding information:
This research was partly supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project (JPMXD1300000000) and ArCS II (JPMXD1420318865) project of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20202003) of Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Other funding information is found in "Acknowledgements" of the original paper.
