Scientists unlock the secret about how abnormality in the production of the mysterious "tau" protein leads to neurodegenerative diseases.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a type of dementia that appears earlier in life than Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both FTLD and AD, along with several other neurodegenerative diseases, are marked by the appearance and clustering of the protein tau in nerve cells. However, there is much left to be explored about this mechanism.
Now, a team of researchers from various collaborating universities and hospitals in Japan has uncovered crucial molecular details regarding tau's activity, promising to revolutionize the therapy of tau-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
Tau-induced neurodegenerative diseases include not only FTLD and AD, but also an array of conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Many people from various age groups are affected by the tau-induced diseases, but the effective therapeutic strategy against tau aggregation is yet to be available. One reason behind this gap is that, despite a lot of effort and resource invested, the exact mechanism of the action of tau inside the cell is still unclear. Knowing this will help us pin down an appropriate treatment strategy.
The aforementioned research team, led by Dr Shinsuke Ishigaki of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, has now discovered new layers of complexities hidden in the cellular activities of tau. The researchers report a novel role of tau that is specific for FTLD spectrum diseases, and as per their findings published in BRAIN, these finer mechanisms specifically contribute to the development of conditions such as FTLD, ALS, PSP, and CBD, but not in AD and Pick's diseases.
However, while this research puts tau in the spotlight, it all started with another related protein. Dr Ishigaki explains the reasons for arriving at their study question: "Earlier, while studying FTLD mouse models, we found two interacting proteins, fused in sarcoma (FUS) and splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich (SFPQ), were important for the generation of functional tau. The interaction of FUS and SFPQ inside the nucleus is disrupted due to mutations in FUS results in neurodegeneration by the accumulation of a dysfunctional variant '4-repeat tau', causing FTLD in mouse."
So how did the researchers link their findings of mouse model to the tau-induced pathogenesis in humans? They studied the interaction of SFPQ and FUS in brain autopsy samples of 142 deceased individuals with various neurodegenerative diseases like FUS-related ALS/FTLD, TDP-43-related ALS/FTLD, PSP, AD, or Pick's disease, with the latter disease used as a control to compare the results.
Using their findings, the researchers have proposed a unique model of "imbalanced accumulation of tau" in cells. As per this new model, FUS and SFPQ regulate the processing of MAPT, the gene that "codes" for tau, specifically by removing a genetic region called exon 10. In normal conditions, the balance in the ratio of variants "4-repeat tau" and "3-repeat tau" is maintained by MAPT. In disease conditions, the processing of MAPT is hampered, leading to an unchecked increase in the amount of 4-repeat tau. Interestingly, an increased level of 4-repeat tau causes FTLD spectrum diseases, but not AD or Pick's disease, in humans.
"Now that we know how tau specifically causes FTLD spectrum diseases, we can design a treatment strategy for these diseases that could 'target' the factors involved in the process, like '4-repeat tau' or FUS/SFPQ proteins," concludes Dr Ishigaki, talking about the significance of their discovery.
Proposed pathway underlying the neurodegeneration process in FTLD spectrum diseases
Under normal physiological conditions, FUS and SFPQ interact in the nucleus of nerve cells and regulate the alternative splicing of MAPT by excising exon 10. When this functional machinery is impaired, the splicing ratio of MAPT exon 10+/exon 10- is increased, which in turn results in an increased 4R-Tau/3R-Tau ratio. The findings of Dr Ishigaki's team suggest the presence of a pathophysiological link between FUS/SFPQ interaction and the regulation of 4R-Tau/3R-Tau isoforms, which is involved in the pathogenesis of FTLD spectrum diseases. (Credit: Shinsuke Ishigaki)
Reference
The paper, "Aberrant interaction between FUS and SFPQ in neurons in a wide range of FTLD spectrum diseases," was published in the journal BRAIN on August 8, 2020 at DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa196.
Media Contact:
Shinsuke Ishigaki
Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
Email: drshin758@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
