A recent study by Nagoya University researchers revealed that microRNAs in urine could be a promising biomarker to diagnose brain tumors. Their findings, published in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, have indicated that regular urine tests could help early detection and treatment of brain tumors, possibly leading to improved patient survival.
Early diagnosis of brain tumors is often difficult, partly because most people undergo a brain CT or MRI scan only after the onset of neurological deficits, such as immobility of limbs, and incapability of speech. When brain tumors are detected by CT or MRI, in many cases, they have already grown too large to be fully removed, which could lower patients' survival rate. From this perspective, accurate, easy, and inexpensive methods of early brain tumor detection are strongly desired.
As a diagnostic biomarker of cancerous tumors, microRNAs (tiny molecules of nucleic acid) have recently received considerable attention. MicroRNAs are secreted from various cells, and exist in a stable and undamaged condition within extracellular vesicles in biological fluids like blood and urine. Nagoya University researchers focused on microRNAs in urine as a biomarker of brain tumors. "Urine can be collected easily without putting a burden on the human body," says Nagoya University Associate Professor Atsushi Natsume, a corresponding author of the study.
"Urine-based liquid biopsy hadn't been fully investigated for patients with brain tumors, because none of the conventional methodologies can extract microRNAs from urine efficiently in terms of varieties and quantities. So, we decided to develop a device capable of doing it."
The new device they developed is equipped with 100 million zinc oxide nanowires, which can be sterilized and mass-produced, and is therefore suitable for actual medical use. The device can extract a significantly greater variety and quantity of microRNAs from only a milliliter of urine compared to conventional methods.
Their analysis of microRNAs collected using the device from the urine of patients with brain tumors and non-cancer individuals revealed that many microRNAs derived from brain tumors actually exist in urine in a stable condition.
Next, the researchers examined whether urinary microRNAs can serve as a biomarker of brain tumors, using their diagnostic model based on the expression of microRNAs in urine samples from patients with brain tumors and non-cancer individuals. The results showed that the model can distinguish the patients from non-cancer individuals at a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%, regardless of the malignancy and size of tumors. The researchers thus concluded that microRNAs in urine is a promising biomarker of brain tumors.
The researchers hope that their findings will contribute to early diagnosis of aggressive types of brain cancer, like glioblastomas, as well as other types of cancer. Dr. Natsume says, "In the future, by a combination of artificial intelligence and telemedicine, people will be able to know the presence of cancer, whereas doctors will be able to know the status of cancer patients just with a small amount of their daily urine."
The study, " Urinary MicroRNA-based Diagnostic Model for Central Nervous System Tumors Using Nanowire Scaffolds," was published online in the journal ACS applied Materials & Interfaces on April 1, 2021 at DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01754.
Authors:
Yotaro Kitano, Kosuke Aoki, Fumiharu Ohka, Shintaro Yamazaki, Kazuya Motomura, Kuniaki Tanahashi, Masaki Hirano, Tsuyoshi Naganawa, Mikiko Iida, Yukihiro Shiraki, Tomohide Nishikawa, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Junya Yamaguchi, Sachi Maeda, Hidenori Suzuki, Toshihiko Wakabayashi, Yoshinobu Baba, Takao Yasui, and Atsushi Natsume
An image associated with this research (shown below) was selected as the cover of the journal issue in which the article appeared.
Nanowire scaffolds for the screening of microRNAs from patient-derived
tumor-organoid and urine in patients with central nervous system tumors
Media Contact:
Atsushi Natsume
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
Email: anatsume@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Naomi Inoue
Public Relations Office, General Affairs Division, Nagoya University
Email: kouho-en@adm.nagoya-u.ac.jp
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas "Chemistry for Multimolecular Crowding Biosystems" (JSPS KAKENHI Grant no. 17H06356to A.N.), a PRESTO (JST Grant no. JPMJPR19H9 to T.Y.), a Medical Research and Development Program (AMED Grant no. JP21he2302007 to T.Y. and A.N.), a SICORP (JST Grant no. JPMJSC19E3 to T.Y.), a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(A) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant no. 17H04803 to T.Y.), a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant no.18H05243 to T.Y.), a Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research(JSPS KAKENHI Grant no. 20K21124 to T.Y.), and a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant no.17K16643 to K.A.).
